Merge pull request #4 from joelself/master

Updated `env::args().collect()` to output a Vec

.travis.yml

@@ -1 +1,5 @@
 language: rust
+rust:
+  - nightly
+  - beta
+  - stable

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [package]
 
 name = "pirate"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "1.0.0"
 authors = ["Zach Dziura <zcdziura@gmail.com>"]
 description = "A simple arrrguments parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/zcdziura/pirate"

README.md

@@ -6,28 +6,20 @@ A command-line arrrrguments parser, written in Rust.
 Synopsis
 --------
 
-Most programs that provide a command-line interface use a special-purpose library to make the
+Most programs that provide a command-line interface use a special-purpose library to make the process easier, such as the GNU Project's `getopt` library. The Rust team provides their own alternative, `getopts`, which deserves an award for the Most Originally Named Project Ever.
-process easier, such as the GNU Project's `getopt` library. The Rust team provides their own
-alternative to `getopt`: `getopts`, which should win an award for the Most Originally Named Project
-Ever.
 
-In all seriousness, `getopts` is a fantastic library that gives the developers all of the tools
+In all seriousness, `getopts` is a fantastic library that gives the developers all of the power necessary to create and interface with command-line arguments. However, with all that power comes complexity. `getopts` -- while straight forward to use -- is verbose. The developer has to call different functions repeatedly in order to add different command-line options to their programs. While the only victim here is the developer's wrists due to carpal tunnel, I felt that there was a better way to do things.
-necessary to create and interface with command-line arguments. However, with all that power comes
-complexity. `getopts` -- while straight forward to use -- is verbose. The developer has to call
-different functions repeatedly in order to add different command-line options to their programs. And
-while the only victim here is the developer's wrists due to carpal tunnel, I felt that there was a
-better way to do things.
 
 Enter Pirate (which should totally usurp `getopts` for the award of Most Originally Named Project Ever).
 
 Installation
 ------------
 
-Add this to your `Cargo.toml:
+Add this to your project's `Cargo.toml` file:
 
 ```
 [dependencies]
-pirate = "0.1.0"
+pirate = "1.0.0"
 ```
 
 and this to your crate root:
@@ -39,50 +31,76 @@ extern crate pirate;
 Usage
 -----
 
-Using Pirate is simple. First, create an array slice defining all of the valid opts that your
+Using Pirate is simple. First, create a vector defining all of the valid options that your program accepts:
-program accepts:
-
-`let opts = &["o:", "l/long", ":arg"];`
-
-Opts are defined in a specific format:
-
-  * Opts that have an associated argument must be followed by a colon (:).
-  * Opts with both a short and long form are separated by a slash (/). If an opt has an associated
-    argument, the colon must come after the long form, e.g. `"l/long:"`.
-  * Required program arguments have a preceding colon, e.g. `":arg"`.
-  * All other opts are defined normally, e.g. `"l"` is an opt in short form, `"long"` is an opt in
-    long form.
-
-Next, call the `pirate::parse()` function, passing in the environment arguments along with the slice
-of opts that you defined:
-
-`let matches = pirate::parse(env::args(), opts);`
-
-Now, handle any errors that may have arisen from parsing:
 
+```rust
+let options = vec![
+    "a/addend#The right side of the addition equation; default=1:",
+    "#Required Arguments",
+    ":/augend#The left side of an addition equation"
+];
 ```
-let matches: Matches = match pirate::parse(env::args(), opts) {
+
-    Err(ref e) => {
+Options are defined in a very specific format:
-        println!("Error: {}", e);
+
-        help();
+  * Options that have an associated argument must be followed by a colon (:). The colon must be the last character of the option (see above for example).
+  * Long-form options are denoted by a preceding slash (/). Options are able to have short- and long-forms. Options which are only long-form still need a preceding slash, e.g. `"/addend"`.
+  * Required program arguments must have a preceding colon as the first character of the opt, e.g. `":/augend"`.
+  * Option descriptions are denoted by a proceding hash (#). Descriptions are optional and are used to display helpful information about the option when displaying a program's usage information (typically when the `--help` flag is passed). Options with **only** a description (i.e. no short- or long-form name) are called "Groups", and are used to group options together when displaying usage.
+
+Next, create a `Vars` struct, which is responsible for keeping track of all of the options, along with the program's name, defined for the program:
+
+```rust
+let vars: Vars = match pirate::vars("program-name", &options) {
+    Ok(v) => v,
+    Err(why) => panic!("Error: {}", why)
+}
+```
+
+Next, call the `pirate::matches()` function, passing in a vector of the program's environment arguments, along with a mutable reference to the `Vars` struct that you previously defined:
+
+```rust
+let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
+let matches: Matches = match pirate::matches(&args, &mut vars) {
+    Ok(m) => m,
+    Err(why) => {
+        println!("Error: {}", why);
+        pirate::usage(&vars);
         return;
-    },
+    }
-    Ok(m) => m
+}
-};
 ```
+`Matches` is nothing more than a type alias to a `HashMap<String, String>`. All of the custom methods that make the type easier to use are defined by the `Match` trait.
 
-Finally, you may want to check which arguments were passed to the program. Luckily, the `Matches`
+And finally, check which arguments were passed to the program.
-struct provides several helpful methods for querying whether an argument was passed to the program
-and what its value is.
 
 ```
-fn get(arg: &str) -> Option<&String> // Returns a reference to the given arg, or None if not found
+// Returns a reference to the given arg, or None if not found
+fn get(arg: &str) -> Option<&String>;
 
-fn has_arg(arg: &str) -> bool        // Returns true if the arg exists, false if not
+// Returns true if the match exists, false if not
+fn has_match(arg: &str) -> bool;
 
-fn keys() -> Keys<String, String>    // An iterator over all args passed to the program
+// An iterator over all matches found
+fn keys() -> Keys<String, String>;
 ```
 
+Something to remember when using the `get()` function: by default, the `pirate::matches()` function stores the opt's long-form name as the key, by default, should the long-form exist; otherwise the short-form is used. So, should you define an opt with both a short- and long-form name, when querying for it, pass the long-form as the argument. For example:
+
+```rust
+let options = vec!["l/long#An example opt"];
+let vars = pirate::vars("program-name", &options);
+let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
+let matches = pirate::matches(&args, &mut vars).unwrap();
+
+let short = matches.get("l").unwrap(); // Error! This won't work!
+let long = matches.get("long").unwrap(); // Success!
+
+// Usage: program-name -l
+```
+
+As shown in a previous example, should you ever want to display the program's usage data, simply call the `pirate::usage()` function, passing in a reverence to your `Vars` struct as an argument. E.g. `pirate::usage(&vars)`
+
 Example
 -------
 
@@ -91,64 +109,51 @@ Here is a trivial example that gives a general idea about how to use `pirate`:
 ```rust
 extern crate pirate;
 
-use std::env;
+use pirate::{Matches, Match, matches, usage, vars};
-
-use pirate::Matches;
 
 fn main() {
-    let opts = &["n:", "b/boop", ":input"];
+    let env_args: Vec<String> = vec![
-
+        String::from("test"),
-    let matches: Matches = match pirate::parse(env::args(), opts) {
+        String::from("-a"), String::from("2"),
-        Err(ref e) => {
+        String::from("3")
-            println!("Error: {}", e);
+    ];
-            help();
+    let options = vec![
+        "a/addend#The right side of the addition equation; default=1:",
+        "#Required Arguments",
+        ":/augend#The left side of an addition equation"
+    ];
+    let mut vars = vars("test", &options).unwrap();
+    
+    let matches: Matches = match matches(&env_args, &mut vars) {
+        Ok(m) => m,
+        Err(why) => {
+            println!("Error: {}", why);
+            usage(&vars);
             return;
-        },
+        }
-        Ok(m) => m
     };
-
+    
-    // Print the program help if necessary
+    if matches.has_match("help") {
-    if matches.has_match("h") || matches.has_match("help") {
+        usage(&vars);
-        help();
         return;
     }
+    
+    let augend: i32 = matches.get("augend")
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .parse::<i32>()
+                        .unwrap();
 
-    let input = matches.get("input").unwrap().parse::<i32>().unwrap();
+    let addend: i32 = match matches.get("addend") {
-    let num = match matches.get("n") {
+        Some(a) => a.parse::<i32>().unwrap(),
-        Some(n) => n.parse::<i32>().unwrap(),
         None => 1
     };
-
+    
-    let sum = input + num; 
+    let sum = augend + addend;
-
+    
-    println!("{} + {} = {}", input, num, sum); 
+    println!("{} + {} = {}", augend, addend, sum);
-
-    if matches.has_match("b") || matches.has_match("boop") {
-        println!("Boop!!");
-    }
-}
-
-fn help() {
-    println!("usage: pirate-test [-n NUM] [-b|--boop] INPUT\n");
-
-    println!("Options:");
-    println!("    -n NUM\tChange the default number that's added to the input");
-    println!("    -b, --boop\tIt's a surprise!");
-
-    println!("\nRequired arguments:");
-    println!("    INPUT\tWe're gonna manipulate this somehow, you'll see!");
 }
 ```
 
-To Do
------
-
-- [ ] Create a helper function for generating `--help` output, rather than having the user create it
-manually.
-  - [ ] Also create helper functions for defining the description section of the `--help` output.
-- [x] Refactor the `ErrorKind` enum into a struct that is able to represent more complex data (such
-  giving the value of the invalid argument passed to the program).
-
 License
 -------
 

src/errors.rs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter, Result};
 pub struct Error {
     kind: ErrorKind,
     offender: String,
-    desc: String,
+    desc: String
 }
 
 impl Error {
@@ -49,15 +49,17 @@ impl Display for Error {
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub enum ErrorKind {
-    InvalidOption,
+    InvalidArgument,
     MissingArgument,
+    TokenFormat
 }
 
 impl ErrorKind {
     fn description(&self) -> String {
         match *self {
-            ErrorKind::InvalidOption => String::from("An invalid option was passed to the program:"),
+            ErrorKind::InvalidArgument => String::from("An invalid option was passed to the program:"),
             ErrorKind::MissingArgument => String::from("A required argument is missing:"),
+            ErrorKind::TokenFormat => String::from("A token was created in the wrong format:")
         }
     }
 }

src/lib.rs

@@ -15,104 +15,12 @@
  * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 
-pub mod errors;
+mod errors;
-pub mod matches;
+mod matches;
-mod opts;
+mod token;
+mod usage;
+mod vars;
 
-use std::env::Args;
+pub use matches::{Matches, Match, matches};
-
+pub use vars::{Vars, vars};
-pub use errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
+pub use usage::usage;
-pub use matches::Matches;
-use opts::Opts;
-
-pub fn parse(mut args: Args, options: &[&'static str]) -> Result<Matches, Error> {
-    let mut matches: Matches = Matches::new();
-
-    let mut opts: Opts = opts(options); // Jesus, this is redundant...
-
-    args.next(); // Remove the program name from the list of program arguments
-    
-    let mut next_arg = args.next();
-    while next_arg.is_some() {
-        let mut current_arg = next_arg.unwrap();
-        let arg: String;
-
-        if &current_arg[..1] == "-" { // Probably a opt
-            if current_arg.len() == 2 { // Short form opt
-                arg = String::from(&current_arg[1..]);
-            } else { // Assuming it's a long form opt
-                //TODO: Handle cases where it may be a opt group
-                arg = String::from(&current_arg[2..]);
-            }
-
-            if opts.contains_opt(&arg) {
-                let has_arg: bool = *opts.get_opt(&arg).unwrap();
-
-                if has_arg {
-                    // NOTE: The corresponding arg MUST be immediately following
-                    current_arg = match args.next() {
-                        None => {
-                            return Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::MissingArgument, arg));
-                        },
-                        Some(a) => a
-                    };
-                    
-                    matches.insert(&arg, &current_arg);
-                } else {
-                    matches.insert(&arg, "");
-                }
-            } else {
-                return Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidOption, arg));
-            }
-
-        } else { // Probably a required arg
-            let arg_name: String = opts.get_arg().unwrap();
-            matches.insert(&arg_name, &current_arg);
-        }
-
-        next_arg = args.next();
-    }
-
-    match opts.arg_len() {
-        0 => Ok(matches),
-        _ => Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::MissingArgument, opts.get_arg().unwrap())),
-    }
-}
-
-fn opts(opts: &[&'static str]) -> Opts {
-    let mut options = Opts::new();
-
-    for opt in opts.iter() {
-        let is_arg: bool = match &opt[..1] {
-            ":" => true,
-            _ => false
-        };
-
-        let has_arg: bool = match &opt[(opt.len() - 1)..] {
-            ":" => true,
-            _ => false
-        };
-
-        if is_arg {
-            options.insert_arg(&opt[1..]);
-        } else {
-            let option: &str;
-
-            if has_arg {
-              option = &opt[..(opt.len() - 1)];
-            } else {
-                option = *opt;
-            }
-
-            for form in option.split("/") {
-                options.insert_opt(form, has_arg);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Push the obligatory "-h/--help" options
-    options.insert_opt("h", false);
-    options.insert_opt("help", false);
-
-    options
-}

src/matches.rs

@@ -18,31 +18,123 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::collections::hash_map::Keys;
 
-pub struct Matches {
+use errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
-    matches: HashMap<String, String>,
+use vars::Vars;
-}
 
-impl Matches {
+pub type Matches = HashMap<String, String>;
-    pub fn new() -> Matches {
+
-        Matches {
+pub fn matches(env_args: &[String], vars: &mut Vars) -> Result<Matches, Error> {
-            matches: HashMap::new()
+    let mut matches: Matches = HashMap::new();
+    let mut args = env_args.iter();
+
+    args.next(); // Remove the program name
+
+    while let Some(mut current_arg) = args.next() {
+        let mut arg_vec: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+
+        // Determine if current opt is in short, long, or arg form
+        if &current_arg[..1] == "-" {
+            if &current_arg[..2] == "--" { // Long form opt
+                arg_vec.push(String::from(&current_arg[2..]));
+            } else { // Short form opt
+                // Assuming it's a group of short-form vars; e.g. tar -xzf
+                for c in current_arg[1..].chars() {
+                    let mut s = String::new();
+                    s.push(c);
+                    arg_vec.push(s);
+                }
+            }
+
+            for arg in arg_vec.iter() {
+                if vars.contains_opt(arg) {
+                    let token = vars.get_opt(arg).unwrap();
+
+                    if token.has_arg {
+                        // NOTE: The corresponding arg MUST be immediately following
+                        current_arg = match args.next() {
+                            None =>  return Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::MissingArgument, arg.clone())),
+                            Some(a) => a
+                        };
+
+                        matches.insert(token.name(), (*current_arg).clone());
+                    } else {
+                        matches.insert(token.name(), String::new());
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    return Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidArgument, arg.clone()));
+                }
+            }
+        } else { // Probably a required arg
+            let arg = vars.get_arg().unwrap();
+            matches.insert(arg.name(), (*current_arg).clone());
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, arg: &str, value: &str) {
+    match vars.arg_len() {
-        self.matches.insert(String::from(arg), String::from(value));
+        0 => Ok( matches ),
-    }
+        _ => Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::MissingArgument, vars.get_arg().unwrap().name())),
-
+    }
-    pub fn get(&self, arg: &str) -> Option<&String> {
+}
-        self.matches.get(arg)
+
-    }
+pub trait Match {
-
+    fn get(&self, arg: &str) -> Option<&String>;
-    pub fn has_arg(&self, arg: &str) -> bool {
+
-        let arg = String::from(arg);
+    fn has_match(&self, arg: &str) -> bool;
-        self.matches.contains_key(&arg)
+
-    }
+    fn matches(&self) -> Keys<String, String>;
-
+}
-    pub fn args(&self) -> Keys<String, String> {
+
-        self.matches.keys()
+impl Match for Matches {
+    fn get(&self, arg: &str) -> Option<&String> {
+        self.get(arg)
+    }
+
+    fn has_match(&self, arg: &str) -> bool {
+        let arg = String::from(arg);
+        self.contains_key(&arg)
+    }
+
+    fn matches(&self) -> Keys<String, String> {
+        self.keys()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::{Match, matches};
+    use super::super::vars::vars;
+    
+    #[test]
+    fn test_matches_good() {
+        let env_args = vec![String::from("test"), String::from("-a"), String::from("Test")];
+        let opts = vec!["o/opt#An option", "a#An argument:"];
+        
+        let mut var = match vars("Test", &opts) {
+            Ok(m) => m,
+            Err(why) => panic!("An error occurred: {}", why)
+        };
+        
+        let matches = matches(&env_args, &mut var).unwrap();
+        
+        let has_opt = match matches.get("opt") {
+            Some(_) => true,
+            None => false
+        };
+        let argument = matches.get("a").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(*argument, String::from("Test"));
+        assert_eq!(has_opt, false);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn test_matches_bad() {
+        let env_args = vec![String::from("test"), String::from("-a")];
+        let opts = vec!["o/opt#An option", "a#An argument:"];
+        
+        let mut vars = vars("Test", &opts).unwrap();
+        match matches(&env_args, &mut vars) {
+            Ok(m) => m,
+            Err(why) => panic!("An error occurred: {}", why)
+        };
     }
 }

src/opts.rs

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-/* Pirate - A command-line arrrrguments parser, written in Rust.
- * Copyright (C) 2015 Zachary Dziura
- *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
- * (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- * GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- */
-
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::collections::VecDeque;
-
-pub struct Opts {
-    pub opts: HashMap<String, bool>,
-    pub args: VecDeque<String>,
-}
-
-impl Opts {
-    pub fn new() -> Opts {
-        Opts {
-            opts: HashMap::new(),
-            args: VecDeque::new()
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn insert_opt(&mut self, key: &str, value: bool) {
-        self.opts.insert(String::from(key), value);
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_opt(&self, opt_name: &String) -> Option<&bool> {
-        self.opts.get(opt_name)
-    }
-
-    pub fn contains_opt(&self, opt: &String) -> bool {
-        self.opts.contains_key(opt)
-    }
-
-    pub fn insert_arg(&mut self, arg: &str) {
-        self.args.push_back(String::from(arg));
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_arg(&mut self) -> Option<String> {
-        self.args.pop_front()
-    }
-
-    pub fn arg_len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.args.len()
-    }
-}

src/token.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+/* Pirate - A command-line arrrrguments parser, written in Rust.
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Zachary Dziura
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
+
+use errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Token {
+    pub short_name: String,
+    pub long_name: String,
+    pub description: String,
+    pub is_arg: bool,
+    pub has_arg: bool,
+    pub is_group: bool,
+    pub padding: usize
+}
+
+pub fn token(input: &str) -> Result<Token, Error> {
+    let mut short_name = String::new();
+    let mut long_name = String::new();
+    let mut description = String::new();
+    let last_char = input.len() - 1;
+
+    let is_arg = match &input[..1] {
+        ":" => true,
+        _ => false
+    };
+
+    let has_arg = match &input[last_char..] {
+        ":" => true,
+        _ => false
+    };
+
+    if is_arg && has_arg {
+        return Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::TokenFormat, String::from(input)));
+    }
+
+    let option = if is_arg {
+        &input[1..]
+    } else if has_arg {
+        &input[..last_char]
+    } else {
+        input
+    };
+
+    let mut current_stage = AnalysisStage::ShortName;
+    for c in option.chars() {
+        match c {
+            '/' => current_stage = AnalysisStage::LongName,
+            '#' => current_stage = AnalysisStage::Description,
+            _ => {
+                match current_stage {
+                    AnalysisStage::ShortName => short_name.push(c),
+                    AnalysisStage::LongName => long_name.push(c),
+                    AnalysisStage::Description => description.push(c)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let is_group = if short_name.is_empty() && long_name.is_empty() {
+        true
+    } else {
+        false
+    };
+
+    Ok(Token {
+        short_name: short_name,
+        long_name: long_name,
+        is_arg: is_arg,
+        has_arg: has_arg,
+        is_group: is_group,
+        description: description,
+        padding: 0
+    })
+}
+
+impl Token {
+    pub fn adjust_padding(&mut self, padding: usize) {
+        self.padding = padding;
+    }
+    
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        let short_name_empty = self.short_name.is_empty();
+        let long_name_empty = self.long_name.is_empty();
+        
+        let repr = if !short_name_empty && !long_name_empty {
+                format!("-{}, --{}", self.short_name, self.long_name)
+            } else if !short_name_empty && long_name_empty {
+                format!("-{}", self.short_name)
+            } else if short_name_empty && !long_name_empty {
+                format!("--{}", self.long_name)
+            } else {
+                String::new()
+            };
+        
+        repr.len()
+    }
+    
+    pub fn name(&self) -> String {
+        if !self.long_name.is_empty() {
+            self.long_name.clone()
+        } else if !self.short_name.is_empty() {
+            self.short_name.clone()
+        } else {
+            self.description.clone()
+        }
+    }
+    
+    pub fn usage(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        let mut repr = String::new();
+        
+        if !self.is_group {
+            if !self.is_arg {
+                repr.push('[');
+                
+                if !self.short_name.is_empty() {
+                    repr.push('-');
+                    repr.push_str(&self.short_name);
+                }
+
+                if !self.long_name.is_empty() {
+                    repr.push_str("|--");
+                    repr.push_str(&self.long_name);
+                }
+
+                if self.has_arg {
+                    let name = String::from(self.name());
+                    repr.push(' ');
+                    repr.push_str(&name);
+                }
+                
+                repr.push(']');
+            } else {
+                let name = String::from(self.name());
+                repr.push_str(&name);
+            }
+            
+            Some(repr)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Token {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut spacing = String::new();
+        for _ in 0..self.padding {
+            spacing.push(' ');
+        }
+        
+        let short_name_empty = self.short_name.is_empty();
+        let long_name_empty = self.long_name.is_empty();
+
+        let repr = if self.is_group {
+            format!("\n{}:", self.description)
+        } else if !short_name_empty && !long_name_empty {
+            format!("  -{}, --{}{}  {}", self.short_name, self.long_name, spacing, self.description)
+        } else if short_name_empty && !long_name_empty { 
+            format!("  --{}{}  {}", self.long_name, spacing, self.description)
+        } else {
+            format!("  -{}{}  {}", self.short_name, spacing, self.description)
+        };
+
+        write!(f, "{}", repr)
+    }
+}
+
+enum AnalysisStage {
+    ShortName,
+    LongName,
+    Description
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::{Token, token};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_new_token() {
+        let opt = "h/help#Display the program usage";
+        let token = match token(opt) {
+            Ok(t) => t,
+            Err(why) => panic!("Received error: {}", why)
+        };
+        let control_token = Token {
+            short_name: String::from("h"),
+            long_name: String::from("help"),
+            description: String::from("Display the program usage"),
+            is_arg: false,
+            has_arg: false,
+            is_group: false,
+            padding: 0
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(token, control_token);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_new_group() {
+        let opt = "#This is a group";
+        let token = match token(opt) {
+            Ok(t) => t,
+            Err(why) => panic!("Received error: {}", why)
+        };
+        let control_token = Token {
+            short_name: String::new(),
+            long_name: String::new(),
+            description: String::from("This is a group"),
+            is_arg: false,
+            has_arg: false,
+            is_group: true,
+            padding: 0
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(token, control_token);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_new_token_with_arg() {
+        let opt = "o/option#An option with an argument:";
+        let token = match token(opt) {
+            Ok(t) => t,
+            Err(why) => panic!("Received error: {}", why)
+        };
+        let control_token = Token {
+            short_name: String::from("o"),
+            long_name: String::from("option"),
+            description: String::from("An option with an argument"),
+            is_arg: false,
+            has_arg: true,
+            is_group: false,
+            padding: 0
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(token, control_token);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_new_token_as_arg() {
+        let opt = ":a/arg#An argument";
+        let token = match token(opt) {
+            Ok(t) => t,
+            Err(why) => panic!("Received error: {}", why)
+        };
+        let control_token = Token {
+            short_name: String::from("a"),
+            long_name: String::from("arg"),
+            description: String::from("An argument"),
+            is_arg: true,
+            has_arg: false,
+            is_group: false,
+            padding: 0
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(token, control_token);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn test_invalid_token_format() {
+        let input = ":w/wrong#Wrong format:";
+        match token(input) {
+            Ok(t) => t,
+            Err(why) => panic!("Received error: {}", why)
+        };
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_name() {
+        let short_name = "o";
+        let long_name = "/out";
+        let group = "#Output";
+        
+        let short_token = token(short_name).unwrap();
+        let long_token = token(long_name).unwrap();
+        let group_token = token(group).unwrap();
+        
+        assert_eq!(short_token.name(), "o");
+        assert_eq!(long_token.name(), "out");
+        assert_eq!(group_token.name(), "Output");
+    }
+}

src/usage.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/* Pirate - A command-line arrrrguments parser, written in Rust.
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Zachary Dziura
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+use vars::Vars;
+
+pub fn usage(vars: &Vars) {
+    print!("Usage: {} ", vars.program_name);
+
+    for token in vars.tokens() {
+        if let Some(usage) = token.usage() {
+            print!("{} ", usage);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    println!("\nOptions:");
+    for token in vars.tokens() {
+        println!("{}", token);
+    }
+}

src/vars.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+/* Pirate - A command-line arrrrguments parser, written in Rust.
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Zachary Dziura
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+use std::collections::{HashMap, VecDeque};
+use std::slice::Iter;
+
+use errors::Error;
+use token::{Token, token};
+
+pub struct Vars {
+    tokens: Vec<Token>,
+    opts: HashMap<String, usize>,
+    args: VecDeque<usize>,
+    pub program_name: String
+}
+
+pub fn vars(program_name: &str, options: &[&str]) -> Result<Vars, Error> {
+    let mut tokens: Vec<Token> = Vec::new();
+    let mut opts: HashMap<String, usize> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut args: VecDeque<usize> = VecDeque::new();
+    let mut index: usize = 0;
+    
+    // The first option should be the help option, i.e. -h, --help
+    let help_token = Token {
+        short_name: String::from("h"),
+        long_name: String::from("help"),
+        description: String::from("Display usage information"),
+        is_arg: false,
+        has_arg: false,
+        is_group: false,
+        padding: 0
+    };
+    opts.insert(help_token.short_name.clone(), index);
+    opts.insert(help_token.long_name.clone(), index);
+    let mut longest_token_len: usize = help_token.len();    
+    tokens.push(help_token);
+    index += 1;
+
+    // Second, add the other, user defined options
+    for opt in options.iter() {
+        let token = match token(opt) {
+            Ok(t) => t,
+            Err(why) => return Err(why)
+        };
+
+        if !token.is_group {
+            if token.is_arg {
+                args.push_back(index);
+            } else {
+                if !token.short_name.is_empty() {
+                    opts.insert(token.short_name.clone(), index);
+                }
+
+                if !token.long_name.is_empty() {
+                    opts.insert(token.long_name.clone(), index);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if token.len() > longest_token_len {
+                longest_token_len = token.len();
+            }
+        }
+        tokens.push(token);
+        index += 1;
+    }
+    
+    // Finally, adjust the padding for each token so they display properly
+    for t in tokens.iter_mut() {
+        let token_len = t.len();
+        if token_len < longest_token_len {
+            let delta = longest_token_len - token_len;
+            t.adjust_padding(delta);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(Vars {
+        opts: opts,
+        args: args,
+        tokens: tokens,
+        program_name: String::from(program_name)
+    })
+}
+
+impl Vars {
+    pub fn get_opt(&self, opt_name: &str) -> Option<&Token> {
+        if let Some(&index) = self.opts.get(opt_name) { 
+            self.tokens.get(index)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn contains_opt(&self, opt: &str) -> bool {
+        self.opts.contains_key(opt)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_arg(&mut self) -> Option<&Token> {
+        if let Some(index) = self.args.pop_front() {
+            self.tokens.get(index)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn arg_len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.args.len()
+    }
+    
+    pub fn tokens(&self) -> Iter<Token>{
+        self.tokens.iter()
+    }
+}

tests/main.rs

@@ -1,50 +1,39 @@
 extern crate pirate;
 
-use std::env;
+use pirate::{Matches, Match, matches, usage, vars};
-
-use pirate::Matches;
 
+#[test]
 fn main() {
-    let opts = &["n:", "b/boop", ":input"];
+    let env_args: Vec<String> = vec![String::from("test"), String::from("-a"), String::from("2"),
-
+                                     String::from("3")];
-    let matches: Matches = match pirate::parse(env::args(), opts) {
+    let opts = vec!["a/addend#The right side of the addition equation; default=1:", "#Required Arguments",
-        Err(ref e) => {
+                    ":augend#The left side of an addition equation"];
-            println!("Error: {}", e);
+    let mut vars = vars("test", &opts).unwrap();
-            help();
+    
+    let matches: Matches = match matches(&env_args, &mut vars) {
+        Ok(m) => m,
+        Err(why) => {
+            println!("Error: {}", why);
+            usage(&vars);
             return;
-        },
+        }
-        Ok(m) => m
     };
-
+    
-    // Print the program help if necessary
+    if matches.has_match("help") {
-    if matches.has_arg("h") || matches.has_arg("help") {
+        usage(&vars);
-        help();
         return;
     }
+    
+    let augend: i32 = matches.get("augend").unwrap().parse::<i32>().unwrap();
 
-    let input = matches.get("input").unwrap().parse::<i32>().unwrap();
+    let addend: i32 = match matches.get("addend") {
-
+        Some(a) => a.parse::<i32>().unwrap(),
-    let num = match matches.get("n") {
-        Some(n) => n.parse::<i32>().unwrap(),
         None => 1
     };
-
+    
-    let sum = input + num; 
+    let sum = augend + addend;
-
+    
-    println!("{} + {} = {}", input, num, sum); 
+    assert_eq!(augend, 3);
-
+    assert_eq!(addend, 2);
-    if matches.has_arg("b") || matches.has_arg("boop") {
+    assert_eq!(sum, 5);
-        println!("Boop!!");
-    }
-}
-
-fn help() {
-    println!("usage: pirate-test [-n NUM] [-b|--boop] INPUT\n");
-
-    println!("Options:");
-    println!("    -n NUM\tChange the default number that's added to the input");
-    println!("    -b, --boop\tIt's a surprise!");
-
-    println!("\nRequired arguments:");
-    println!("    INPUT\tWe're gonna manipulate this somehow, you'll see!");
 }